Boston Marathon bombing

== Reactions ==
Law enforcement, local and national politicians, and various heads of state reacted quickly to the bombing, generally condemning the act and expressing sympathies for the victims.<ref name="AutoLC-131"/><ref name="AutoLC-132"/> Spontaneous, improvised temporary memorials appeared at the sites of the deaths in Boston and Cambridge. Over the next few years, permanent memorials were constructed and dedicated at these locations.

=== Aid to victims ===
{{multiple image
 | width = 200px
 | align = right
 | image1 = One-fund-boston-launch 5540385749 o.jpg
 | caption1 = Boston Mayor [[Thomas Menino]], Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, and others patricipate in an April 28 event promoting the One Fund 
 | alt1 =
 | image2 = Prudential with 1 lights April 23 2013.JPG
 | caption2 = Boston's [[Prudential Tower]] lit up on April 23 with a large "1" to promote the One Fund
 | alt2 =
}}

The One Fund Boston was established by [[Governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts Governor]] [[Deval Patrick]] and Boston mayor [[Thomas Menino]] to make monetary distributions to bombing victims.<ref name="AutoLC-41" /><ref name="Trumbull" /> The [[Boston Strong]] concert at the TD Garden in Boston on May 30, 2013, benefitted the One Fund, which ultimately received more than $69.8 million in donations.<ref name=NECN>{{cite web|title=$212K donation made to One Fund Boston|url=http://www.necn.com/09/12/13/212K-donation-made-to-One-Fund-Boston/landing.html?blockID=852181|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913143800/http://www.necn.com/09/12/13/212K-donation-made-to-One-Fund-Boston/landing.html?blockID=852181|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2013|publisher=NECN.com}}</ref> A week after the bombing, [[crowd funding|crowdfunding]] websites<ref>Such as [[GoFundMe]], [[GiveForward]], [[FundRazr]], [[YouCaring]], and [[Fundly]]</ref> received more than 23,000 pledges promising more than $2 million for the victims, their families, and others affected by the bombing.<ref name="AutoLC-42" /> The Israel Trauma Coalition for Response and Preparedness sent six psychologists and specialists from Israel to help Boston emergency responders, government administrators, and community people develop post-terrorist attack recovery strategies.<ref name="Auto9P-7" />

=== Local reactions ===
{{multiple image
 | width = 175px
 | align = left
 | image1 = Boston Marathon Bombing Memorial (9249416704) (1).jpg
 | caption1 = Makeshift memorials at [[Copley Square]]
 | alt1 =
 | image2 = 2023 05 05 Boston Marathon Survivor Memorial, Boston, MA (1) (53101515430) (2).jpg
 | caption2 = A permanent monument memorializing the victims of the bombing was installed on Boylston Street (at the location of the explosions) in 2019<ref name="Marcelo">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/4330efbe84de4f8eafd437630d8ecc3f|title=Memorial to victims of Boston Marathon bombing completed|last=Marcelo|first=Philip|date=August 19, 2019|website=[[AP News]]|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref>
 | alt2 =
 | image3 = Honoring-the-victims-of-the-boston-marathon-bombing 16952307817 o (1).jpg
 | caption3 = Officials commemorate the victims on the first anniversary of the attack (L-R: Boston Mayors Thomas Menino and [[Marty Walsh]]; U.S. Vice President Joe Biden; Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick)
 | alt3 =
 | image4 = Boston Strong...Fan Pier Construction (14879397808) (2).jpg
 | caption4 = A "Boston Strong" banner adorns a construction site in Boston's [[Seaport District]]
 | alt4 =
}}
{{Clear}}


Numerous sporting events, concerts, and other public entertainment were postponed or canceled in the days following the bombing.<ref name="BostonSports-WashTimes" /><ref name="AutoLC-133" /><ref name="AutoLC-134" /><ref name="NCAA Nazareth host" /> The [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] public transit system was under heavy National Guard and police presence and it was shut down a second time April 19 during the manhunt.<ref name="lowery" /><ref name="Logan and Taxis" /><ref name="Powers" />


In the days after the bombing, makeshift memorials began to spring up along the cordoned-off area surrounding Boylston Street. The largest was located on Arlington Street, the easternmost edge of the barricades, starting with flowers, tokens, and T-shirts.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://imgur.com/4JRa9gt | title=Photograph Taken From the Arlington Shrine on April 16, 2013|access-date = April 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sentinelandenterprise.com/ci_23040059/grit-and-grief-at-makeshift-boston-marathon-memorial | work=Sentinel & Enterprise | title=Grit and grief at makeshift Boston Marathon memorial | date= April 16, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2013/04/17/update-downtown-boston | work=WBUR | title=An Update From Downtown Boston | date= April 17, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wbur.org/2013/04/17/photos-boylston-st-after-the-blasts | work=WBUR | title=Photos: Boylston Street After The Blasts | date= April 17, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://photos.masslive.com/republican/2013/04/boston_15jpg.html | work=Mass Live | title=People gather at makeshift memorial near scene of Boston Marathon bombing | date=April 18, 2013 | access-date=April 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113819/http://photos.masslive.com/republican/2013/04/boston_15jpg.html | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In June, the Makeshift Memorial located in Copley Square was taken down and the memorial objects located there were moved to the archives in  West Roxbury for cleaning, fumigation, and archiving.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/06/21/makeshift-memorial-marathon-bombing-victims-taken-down-moved-city-archives/7DZAxM2iDyAnDgxvjLukiN/story.html | work=Boston.com | title=Makeshift memorial to Marathon bombing victims to be taken down, moved to city archives | date=June 21, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref>

{{multiple image
 | width = 175px
 | align = right
 | image1 = B Strong badge.png
 | caption1 = The [[Boston Red Sox]] wore this "Boston Strong" patch on their uniforms in memory of the victims. The team would go on to win the [[2013 World Series]]
 | alt1 =
 | image2 = Larry Lucchino and John W. Henry 2013 (10650272826 full) (1).jpg
 | caption2 = Red Sox President/CEO [[Larry Lucchino]] holds a [[rally towel]] with the team's "Boston Strong" emblem during the team's 2013 World Series victory parade
 | alt2 =
}}
{{multiple image
 | width = 175px
 | align = right
 | image1 = Healing-our-city-an-interfaith-service 20693568725 o (1).jpg
 | caption1 = President Barack Obama speaks at Boston's [[Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)|Cathedral of the Holy Cross]] during an April 18 interfaith healing service
 | alt1 =
 | image2 = Mayor Thomas M. Menino with President Barack Obama and Governor Deval Patrick after the Boston Marathon Interfaith Healing Service (22604315995) (1).jpg
 | caption2 = Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, U.S. President Barack Obama, and Boston Mayor Thomas Menino appear together at [[Cathedral High School (Boston)|Cathedral High School]] on April 18 following the interfaith healing service
 | alt2 =
}}

Five years after the bombing, The Boston Globe reported all of the items from the memorials were being housed in a climate controlled environment, free of charge, by the storage company, [[Iron Mountain (company)|Iron Mountain]] in [[Northborough, Massachusetts]]. Some of the items are also being stored in Boston's city archives in [[West Roxbury]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramos |first=Nestor |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/04/14/fragments-tragedy-and-our-best-selves/gtnbkn7MiT91kYzFL1MBOL/story.html |title=Fragments of tragedy, and of our best selves |work=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=April 14, 2018 |access-date=April 15, 2018 }}</ref>


[[Boston University]] established a scholarship in honor of Lü Lingzi, a student who died in the bombing.<ref name="AutoLC-135" /> [[University of Massachusetts Boston]] did the same in honor of alumna and bombing victim Krystle Campbell.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.umb.edu/the_university/chancellor/communications/krystle_campbell_scholarships_awarded_to_umass_students|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510170308/https://www.umb.edu/the_university/chancellor/communications/krystle_campbell_scholarships_awarded_to_umass_students|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2017|title=Krystle Campbell Scholarships Awarded to UMass Students – University of Massachusetts Boston}}</ref>


The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] established a scholarship, and erected a large abstract environmental sculpture outdoors called the [[Sean Collier Memorial]], both in memory of slain [[MIT Police]] officer Sean Collier. The open-arched monolithic stone enclosure was proposed, designed, funded, fabricated, and installed on campus in less than two years after the bombing, and formally unveiled on April 29, 2015.<ref name=Humphries>{{cite web|last1=Humphries|first1=Courtney|title=The Making of MIT's Collier Memorial|url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/the-making-of-mits-collier-memorial_o|website=Architect: the journal of the American Institute of Architects|publisher=Hanley Wood Media|access-date=2015-07-08|date=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name="LVAC">{{cite web |title=Sean Collier Memorial |url=https://listart.mit.edu/public-art-map/sean-collier-memorial |website=MIT List Visual Arts Center |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |access-date=2019-10-11 |language=en |date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419162100/https://listart.mit.edu/public-art-map/sean-collier-memorial |url-status=dead }}</ref>

One study conducted by the Institute for Public Service at [[Suffolk University]] in Boston, Massachusetts, recorded the mental health and emotional response of various survivors, for three years following the bombing. In doing so, it reviewed the kinds of aid that were available in local hospitals and offered advice on how a person or community may be healed.<ref>The mental health response to the Boston bombing: A three-year review</ref> This study also mentions that after recognizing the downgraded media coverage of people in the city being killed or injured on a daily basis, the city of Boston "applied for and received a grant from The Rockefeller Foundation to be part of their 100 [[urban resilience|resilient cities]] network and to develop a cross cutting resilience strategy".<ref>{{cite news |title=100 Resilient Cities {{!}} Boston.gov |url=https://www.boston.gov/departments/resilience-and-racial-equity/100-resilient-cities |access-date=15 March 2023 |work=[[Boston Government Service Center]] |date=2020-07-30}}</ref>

{{multiple image
 | width = 175px
 | align = right
 | image1 = Vigil under pink sky (8655982471) (1).jpg
 | caption1 = A [[candlelight vigil]] held at [[Boston Common]] on April 22
 | alt1 =
 | image2 = Boston Strong Concert-May 30, 2013 (8899338618).jpg
 | caption2 = "Boston Strong" benefit concert at [[TD Garden]] on May 30
 | alt2 =
}}

However, there was rising [[anti-Muslim sentiment]] online and locally in the weeks following the bombing, causing distress in the local Muslim community and making some afraid to leave their homes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=Sriya|last2=Ashby|first2=Kimberly M.|last3=Goodman|first3=Lisa A.|title=Social Justice Beyond the Classroom|journal=The Counseling Psychologist|date=September 26, 2014|volume=42|issue=8|pages=1136–1158|doi=10.1177/0011000014551420|s2cid=145601632}}</ref>

Three stone pillars lit by abstract sculptural bronze lighting columns memorializing three victims were installed at the two separate bombing sites on August 19, 2019.<ref name="Marcelo"/> Two bronze sidewalk bricks were installed to memorialize police officers killed in the aftermath, and [[cherry tree]]s were planted nearby to bloom each April.<ref name="Marcelo"/>

The Catholic bishops of Massachusetts opposed the death penalty for terrorist bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, citing the need to build a culture of life.<ref name=conflicted>{{cite news | url = https://bostonglobe.newspapers.com/image/444570704/?terms=%22culture%2Bof%2Blife%22 | title = Religious leaders conflicted on death penalty | first1 = Jan | last1 = Ransom | first2 = Jacqueline | last2 = Tempera | newspaper = Boston Globe | date = May 18, 2015 | access-date = October 5, 2018 }}</ref>

{{Clear}}

=== National reactions ===
[[File:President Obama speaks on explosions in Boston (2013-04-15).ogv|thumb|President Barack Obama's initial remarks after the attack]]

President [[Barack Obama]] addressed the nation after the attack.<ref name="AutoLC-137"/> He said that the perpetrators were still unknown, but that the government would "get to the bottom of this" and that those responsible "will feel the full weight of justice".<ref name="AutoLC-138"/> He ordered flags to half-staff until April 20 on all federal buildings as "a mark of respect for the victims of the senseless acts of violence perpetrated on April 15, 2013 in Boston, Massachusetts".<ref name="AutoLC-140"/>

Moments of silence were held at various events across the country, including at the openings of the [[New York Stock Exchange]], [[NASDAQ]], and [[New York Mercantile Exchange|NYMEX]] on the day after the bombing.<ref name="Mills" /> Numerous special events were held, including marathons and other runs.<ref name="AutoLC-142" /><ref name="AutoLC-143" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.freep.com/article/20130421/NEWS06/304210177/lansing-marathon-boston-bombing|title=Lansing Marathon runners hit the street to salute Boston|work=Detroit Free Press|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onerunforboston.org|title=One Run For Boston 2|work=One Run for Boston|access-date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> Islamic organizations in the United States condemned the attacks.<ref>{{cite book|title=Muslims in America: Examining the Facts|author=[[Craig Considine (academic)]]|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|date=2018-07-11|page=188}}</ref>

{{multiple image
 | width = 180px
 | align = left
 | image1 = Barack Obama briefed on the 2013 Boston Marathon explosions (1).jpg
 | caption1 = President Obama (in the Oval Office of the White House on April 15) taking a phone call from FBI Director Robert Mueller about the bombing 
 | alt1 =
 | image2 = Glendale, Arizona Remembers the 2013 Boston Marathon Bomb Casualties - panoramio (1).jpg
 | caption2 = Flags in [[Flagstaff, Arizona]] flying at [[half-staff]] on April 18
 | alt2 =
 | image3 = Moment of Silence for Boston Marathon Victims (8673228608) (1).jpg
 | caption3 =Connecticut Governor [[Dannel Malloy]] and others participate in a [[moment of silence]] outside of the [[Connecticut State Capitol]] on April 22 to honor the victims of the attack
 | alt3 =
}}
{{clear}}

=== International reactions ===
[[File:US flag flying at half mast in Milan, 2013.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Flag flying at half staff at the American consulate in [[Milan]], Italy]]

The bombing was denounced and condolences were offered by many international leaders as well as leading figures from international sport. Security measures were increased worldwide in the wake of the attack.<ref name="oregon" /><ref name="AutoLC-144" /><ref name="telegraph_wl" /><ref name="SI_1" />

In China, users posted condolence messages on [[Sina Weibo|Weibo]] in response to the death of Lü Lingzi.<ref name="newyorkFan" /><ref>{{Cite web|first=Kevin|last=Tang|date=April 17, 2013|title=After Massive Online Search For Lu Lingzi, Chinese Netizens Express Grief|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kevintang/after-massive-online-search-for-lu-lingzi-chinese-netizens-e|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615024039/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kevintang/after-massive-online-search-for-lu-lingzi-chinese-netizens-e|archive-date=June 15, 2021|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]|language=en}}</ref> Chris Buckley of ''The New York Times'' said "Ms. Lu's death gave a melancholy face to the attraction that America and its colleges exert over many young Chinese."<ref name="Buckley" /> Laurie Burkitt of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' said "Ms. Lu's death resonates with many in China" due to the [[one-child policy]].<ref name="AutoLC-146" />

Organizers of the [[2013 London Marathon|London Marathon]], which was held six days after the Boston bombing, reviewed security arrangements for their event. Hundreds of extra police officers were drafted in to provide a greater presence on the streets, and a record 700,000 spectators lined the streets. Runners in London observed a 30-second silence in respect for the victims of Boston shortly before the race began, and many runners wore black ribbons on their vests. Organizers also pledged to donate US$3 to a fund for Boston Marathon victims for every person who finished the race.<ref name="Katz" /><ref name="AutoLC-147" /><ref name="AutoLC-148" />

Organizers of the 2013 [[Vancouver Sun Run]], which was held on April 21, 2013, donated $10 from every late entry for the race to help victims of the bombing at the Boston Marathon. Jamie Pitblado, vice-president of promotions for The Vancouver Sun and The Province, said the money would go to One Fund Boston, an official charity that collected donations for the victims and their families. Sun Run organizers raised anywhere from $25,000 to $40,000. There were over 48,000 participants, many dressed in blue and yellow (Boston colors) with others wearing Boston Red Sox caps.<ref name="Auto9P-8" />

[[Petr Gandalovic]], ambassador of the Czech Republic, released a statement after noticing much confusion on Facebook and Twitter between his nation and the Chechen Republic. "The Czech Republic and Chechnya are two very different entities – the Czech Republic is a Central European country; Chechnya is a part of the Russian Federation."<ref name="AutoLC-152" />

Security was also stepped up in Singapore in response to online threats made on attacking several locations in the city-state and the Singapore Marathon in December. Two suspects were investigated and one was eventually arrested for making false bomb threats.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/international/singapore-hit-by-bomb-hoaxes-after-boston-attacks/ |title= Singapore Hit By Bomb Hoaxes After Boston Attacks |access-date= April 11, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140305220307/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/international/singapore-hit-by-bomb-hoaxes-after-boston-attacks/ |archive-date= March 5, 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

[[File:Copley-sq-memorial-visit 5540515857 o.jpg|thumb|[[United Kingdom]] Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] (left) joins Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick in paying respects at Copley Square on May 14]]
[[David Cameron]] (prime minister of the [[United Kingdom]]) posted on [[Twitter]], "The scenes from Boston are shocking and horrific - my thoughts are with all those who have been affected."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rebecca |first1=Ruehlman |title=Our Marathon |url=https://marathon.library.northeastern.edu/item/neu:m042rp075/ |website=marathon.library.northeastern.edu/ |publisher=Northeastern University |access-date=15 April 2024 |date=2013}}</ref> On May 14, he visited Boston as part of  a three-day visit to the United States. In Boston, he met with Governor Patrick at the [[Massachusetts State House]], offering condolences and holding a discussion with Patrick about what lessons governments could learn from the bombings. Afterwards, he and Patrick visited the temporary memorials at Copley Square, where Cameron remarked to reporters, "Everyone in the UK stands with <nowiki>[Boston]</nowiki> and <nowiki>[its]</nowiki> great people."<ref>{{cite web |title=David Cameron Visits Boston |url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2013-05-14/david-cameron-visits-boston |website=WGBH |publisher=The Associated Presss |access-date=15 April 2024 |language=en |date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Osborn |first1=Andrew |title=Britain's PM Cameron visits Boston bombing site, pays tribute |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBRE94D0RB/ |website=Reuters |access-date=15 April 2024 |date=May 14, 2013}}</ref>

==== Russian reaction ====
The [[Government of Russia|Russian government]] said that special attention would be paid to security at upcoming international sports events in Russia, including the [[2014 Winter Olympics]].<ref name="AutoLC-149" /> According to the Russian embassy in the U.S., President [[Vladimir Putin]] condemned the bombing as a "barbaric crime" and "stressed that the Russian Federation will be ready, if necessary, to assist in the U.S. authorities' investigation".<ref name="AutoLC-150" /> He urged closer cooperation of security services with Western partners<ref name="AutoLC-151" /> but other Russian authorities and mass media blamed the U.S. authorities for negligence as they warned the U.S. of the Tsarnaevs.<ref name="Russia-could">{{cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2013/04/26/mnenie-site.html |script-title = ru:Россия могла предотвратить теракт в Бостоне |trans-title=Russia could have prevented a terrorist attack in Boston|author=Shestakov, Yevgeny|work=Rossiyskaya Gazeta|date=April 26, 2013|access-date= April 11, 2015|language=ru}}</ref> Moreover Russian authorities and mass media since the spring of 2014 blame the United States for politically motivated false information about the lack of response from Russian authorities after subsequent U.S. requests.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} As proof a letter from the Russian FSB was shown to the members of an official U.S. Congressional delegation to Moscow during their visit. This letter with information about Tsarnaev (including his biography details, connections and phone number) had been sent from the FSB to the FBI and CIA during March 2011.<ref name="Russia-blame-again">{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/boston_terror/20140410/1003329322.html |script-title = ru:Эксперт: обвинения США по делу Царнаева политически мотивированы|trans-title=Expert: U.S. blame around Tsarnaev case are politically motivated|author=Korotchenko, Igor|work=RIA Novosti |date=April 10, 2014|access-date= April 11, 2015|language=ru}}</ref>

Republican U.S. Senators [[Saxby Chambliss]] and [[Richard Burr]] reported that Russian authorities had separately asked both the FBI (at least twice: during March and November 2011) and the CIA (September 2011) to look carefully into Tamerlan Tsarnaev and provide more information about him back to Russia.<ref name="BG-RUS">{{cite web|url= https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2013/04/23/russia-contacted-fbi-multiple-times-concerns-about-alleged-boston-marathon-bomber/ND0bhUdq1Tp1mRuC8xlb8N/story.html|title= Russia contacted US government 'multiple' times|author1= Bender, Bryan|author2= Bierman, Noah|work= The Boston Globe|date= April 23, 2013|access-date= March 27, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170613234646/http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2013/04/23/russia-contacted-fbi-multiple-times-concerns-about-alleged-boston-marathon-bomber/ND0bhUdq1Tp1mRuC8xlb8N/story.html|archive-date= June 13, 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref> FSB secretly recorded phone conversations between Tamerlan Tsarnaev and his mother (they vaguely and indirectly discussed jihad) and sent these to the FBI as evidence of possible extremist links within the family.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} However, while Russia offered US intelligence services warnings that Tsarnaev planned to link up with extremist groups abroad, an FBI investigation yielded no evidence to support those claims at the time. In addition, subsequent U.S. requests for additional information about Tsarnaev went unanswered by the Russians.<ref>{{cite news|last=Radia|first=Kirit|title=Lawmakers Traveling to Russia to Investigate Boston Bombing|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/05/lawmakers-traveling-to-russia-to-investigate-boston-bombing/|newspaper=ABC News|date=May 21, 2013 |access-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2023|reason=No mention in reference of unanswered requests.}}

==== Chechen reactions ====
On April 19, 2013, the press secretary of the [[head of the Chechen Republic]], [[Ramzan Kadyrov]], issued a statement that, inter alia, read: "The Boston bombing suspects have nothing to do with Chechnya".<ref name="AutoLC-153" /><ref name="AutoLC-154" /> On the same day, Kadyrov was reported by ''[[The Guardian]]'' to have written on [[Instagram]]:<ref name="AutoLC-155" />

{{blockquote|Any attempt to make a link between Chechnya and the Tsarnaevs, if they are guilty, is in vain. They grew up in the U.S., their views and beliefs were formed there. The roots of evil must be searched for in America. The whole world must battle with terrorism. We know this better than anyone. We wish recover {{sic}} to all the victims and share Americans' feeling of sorrow.}}

[[Akhmed Zakayev]], head of the secular wing of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Chechen separatist movement]], now in exile in London, condemned the bombing as "terrorist" and expressed condolences to the families of the victims. Zakayev denied that the bombers were in any way representative of the Chechen people, saying that "the Chechen people never had and can not have any hostile feelings toward the United States and its citizens".<ref name="AutoLC-156" />

The [[Caucasus Emirate|Mujahideen of the Caucasus Emirate Province of Dagestan]], the [[North Caucasian Federal District|Caucasian]] Islamist organization in both Chechnya and Dagestan, denied any link to the bombing or the Tsarnaev brothers and stated that it was at war with Russia, not the United States. It also said that it had sworn off violence against civilians since 2012.<ref name="AutoLC-157" /><ref name="AutoLC-158" /><ref name="AutoLC-159" />

=== Criticism of the "shelter-in-place" directive and house-to-house searches ===
During the manhunt for the perpetrators of the bombing, Governor [[Deval Patrick]] said "we are asking people to shelter in place". The request was highly effective; most people stayed home, causing Boston, Watertown, and Cambridge to come to a virtual standstill. According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, "media described residents complying with a 'lockdown order,' but in reality the governor's security measure was a request". [[Scott Silliman]], emeritus director of the Center on Law, Ethics and National Security at Duke Law School, said that the shelter-in-place request was voluntary.<ref name="Rawlings">{{cite magazine|first=Nate|last=Rawlings|url=http://nation.time.com/2013/04/19/was-boston-actually-on-lockdown/|title=Was Boston Actually on Lockdown?|magazine=Time|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref>

The [[National Lawyers Guild]] and some news outlets questioned the constitutionality of the door-to-door searches conducted by law enforcement officers looking for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://archive.boston.com/yourtown/news/watertown/2013/11/lawyers_to_speak_about_unconstitutional_watertown_home_searc.html| author=Jaclyn Reiss| title=Lawyers raising questions about Watertown home searches following Marathon bombings, shootout| newspaper=Boston Globe| date=November 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/watertown-door-door-search-bombing-suspects-violation-fourth-140043137.html?ref=gs| author=Liz Klimas| title=Was Watertown's Door-to-Door Search for Bombing Suspects a Violation of the Fourth Amendment?| work=Yahoo News| date=April 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/04/22/the-police-response-to-the-boston-marathon-bombing/| author=Radley Balko| title=Was the police response to the Boston bombing really appropriate?| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=April 22, 2014}}</ref>

=== One Boston Day ===

On the second anniversary of the Boston Marathon Bombings, Mayor [[Marty Walsh]] established April 15, the day of the bombings, as an official and permanent holiday called "One Boston Day", dedicated to conducting random acts of kindness and helping others out.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://onebostonday.org| title=One Boston Day| publisher=One Boston Day| date=April 15, 2015}}</ref> Over the past eight years, some examples of acts of kindness being done have been donating blood to the American Red Cross, donating food to the Greater Boston Food Bank, opening free admission in places like the [[Museum of Science]] and [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]], donating shoes to homeless shelters, and donating to military and veteran charities.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.boston.com/culture/events/2016/04/14/11-ways-to-participate-in-one-boston-day-on-friday| author=Kristin Toussaint| title=11 ways to participate in One Boston Day| publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners| date=April 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/2018/04/13/guide-one-boston-day-2018/| author=Tessa Yannone| title=Your Guide to One Boston Day 2018| magazine=Boston Magazine| date=April 13, 2018}}</ref>

{{multiple image
 | width = 200px
 | align = left
 | image1 = Charlie Baker and Kim Janey on One Boston Day 2021 (EzDMWAlXEAA9nGt).jpg
 | caption1 = Acting Boston Mayor [[Kim Janey]] and Massachusetts Governor [[Charlie Baker]] lay a wreath at the Boston Marathon Memorial on One Boston Day in 2021
 | alt1 =
 | image2 = One Boston Day 2023 FtyKMDTXgAUp6hK.jpg
 | caption2 = Boston Mayor [[Michelle Wu]] and U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren participate in a 2023 One Boston Day commemoration ceremony
 | alt2 =
}}
{{Clear}}

=== Conspiracy theories ===
A number of [[Conspiracy Theories|conspiracy theories]] arose in the immediate wake of the attacks and after more information about the Tsarnaev brothers came to light.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Michael|first=George|date=2014-03-22|title=Conspiracy in Boston: disentangling Boston Marathon bombing conspiracy theories|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10639330&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA372691228&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=Skeptic (Altadena, CA)|language=English|volume=19|issue=2|pages=16–28}}</ref> This can be common in the aftermath of acts of domestic terrorism, especially the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Graff|first=Garrett M.|date=2020-09-10|title=9/11 and the Rise of the New Conspiracy Theorists|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/9-11-and-the-rise-of-the-new-conspiracy-theorists-11599768458|access-date=2021-04-26|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> 

[[Stella Tremblay]], then a member of the [[New Hampshire]] [[New Hampshire House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] from [[Auburn, New Hampshire|Auburn]], New Hampshire, claimed the Boston Marathon bombing was a government conspiracy and that victims who lost their legs were faking their injuries because they were not "screaming in agony." Under pressure afterwards she resigned. The New Hampshire House then unanimously passed a resolution to show support for the victims and to disavow unfounded speculation or accusations.<ref>{{cite news| publisher=huffingtonpost.com| date=June 21, 2013| title=Stella Tremblay Resigns From New Hampshire Legislature| author=John Celock| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/20/stella-tremblay-resigns_n_3473583.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| publisher = cbsnews.com| date = June 20, 2013| title = NH Lawmaker Resigns After Saying Government Behind Boston Bombings| url =https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/nh-lawmaker-resigns-after-saying-government-behind-boston-bombings}}</ref>

In the days following the attacks, some conspiracy theories arose on the internet claiming they were [[false flag attacks]] committed by the United States government.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-05-17|title=How a University of Washington researcher discovered an "information war"|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39930236|access-date=2021-04-26}}</ref> As more information about the backgrounds of the Tsarnaev Brothers came to light, further conspiracy theories were disseminated. One claim, made by Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's defense attorney as well as some journalists, was that the FBI had tried to recruit Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an FBI informant in 2011.<ref name="GuardianBirthplace" /><ref name="SullivanAP04192013" /><ref name="thestarCarus" /><ref name="NYTimes04192013" /> The FBI denied this claim in a press release, stating that "the Tsarnaev brothers were never sources for the FBI nor did the FBI attempt to recruit them as sources".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joint Release from Massachusetts Law Enforcement Agencies|url=https://www.fbi.gov/boston/press-releases/2013/joint-release-from-massachusetts-law-enforcement-agencies|access-date=2021-04-26|website=FBI|language=en-us}}</ref> The FBI is not required to release information on informants, and classified information on sources of intelligence constitutes an exception to the 25-year declassification window established by [[Executive Order 13526]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-15|title=The President Executive Order 13526|url=https://www.archives.gov/isoo/policy-documents/cnsi-eo.html|access-date=2021-04-26|website=National Archives|language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, [[2011 Waltham triple murder|a triple murder]] took place in [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], in which a friend of Tamerlan Tsarnaev was one of the victims.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-13|title=Is the Waltham Triple Murder Investigation At A Dead End?|url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/2018/04/12/news/waltham-triple-murder-investigation-dead-end|access-date=2021-04-26|website=News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Police probe possible link between Marathon bomber and unsolved triple homicide in Waltham |url=https://www.boston.com/uncategorized/noprimarytagmatch/2013/04/22/police-probe-possible-link-between-marathon-bomber-and-unsolved-triple-homicide-in-waltham-2|access-date=2021-04-26|work=[[The Boston Globe]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Boston Bombing Brings Twist to Cold Murder Case|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boston-bombing-brings-twist-cold-murder-case/story?id=19063282|access-date=2021-04-26|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> After the 2013 attacks, the investigation was reopened with Tamerlan Tsarnaev as a new suspect.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-22|title=Boston Bomber Suspected of Killing Three Men, Two of Whom Were Jewish|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/boston-bomber-suspected-in-triple-homicide|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Tablet Magazine|language=en}}</ref> The failure of the 2011 investigation to identify Tamerlan Tsarnaev as a major suspect led to claims among conspiracy theorists that the investigation of the 2011 triple murder had been suppressed by the FBI in order to maintain Tsarnaev's informant status. Theorists also cite the fact that the FBI has been criticized for an alleged practice under former director [[James Comey]] of encouraging confidential informants to attempt terrorist attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aaronson|date=March 16, 2015|first1=Trevor|title=How the FBI Created a Terrorist|url=https://theintercept.com/2015/03/16/howthefbicreatedaterrorist/|access-date=2021-04-26|website=The Intercept|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kamali|first=Sara|date=2017-02-28|title=Informants, Provocateurs, and Entrapment: Examining the Histories of the FBI's PATCON and the NYPD's Muslim Surveillance Program|url=https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/informants|journal=Surveillance & Society|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=68–78|doi=10.24908/ss.v15i1.5254|issn=1477-7487|doi-access=free}}</ref> This alleged practice, combined with disputed claims of connections between the Tsarnaev brothers and intelligence services,<ref name="GuardianBirthplace" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-09|title=Former CIA officer: 'Absurd' to link uncle of Boston suspects, Agency |work=Al-Monitor |url=http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index.php/2013/04/5090/former-cia-officer-absurd-to-link-uncle-of-boston-suspects-agency-over-daughters-brief-marriage/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309205011/http://backchannel.al-monitor.com/index.php/2013/04/5090/former-cia-officer-absurd-to-link-uncle-of-boston-suspects-agency-over-daughters-brief-marriage/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-03-09|access-date=2021-04-26}}</ref> have given rise to a conspiracy theory that the United States government had foreknowledge of the Tsarnaev brothers' plans to commit a terrorist attack, or that the attack was made at the direction of intelligence services.<ref name=":1" /> The Tsarnaev brother's uncle, Said-Hussein Tsarnaev, and other members of the Tsarnaev family have repeated this theory, as well as claiming neither brother actually committed the attacks.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Exclusive: Relatives of Boston Marathon Bomber Break Their Silence|url=https://time.com/3824265/boston-marathon-bombing-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-family/|access-date=2021-04-26|magazine=Time}}</ref> This claim also formed an element of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's legal defense.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tsarnaev denied extremism to FBI two years before Marathon bombing|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tsarnaev-denied-extremism-fbi-said-mystery-men-came-see-him-n744881|access-date=2021-04-26|website=NBC News|date=April 10, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> No evidence or further claims supporting this theory have been confirmed by any US government agencies.<ref name=":1" />